Water and sodium retention during severe hypothyroidism create a state of volume depletion, low extracellular fluid osmolality and ... leading to dilution hyponatremia. Renin is reduced in the ...

Use of i.v. sodium chloride solutions for the treatment of hyponatremia requires complex calculations of the expected sodium concentration and rate of replacement as shown for both isotonic (0.9% ...

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Background High feed osmolality (or osmolarity) is often suggested to be linked with adverse gastrointestinal events in preterm infants. Aim To systematically review the literature on milk feed ...