In 1986 the World Health Organization (WHO) published analgesic guidelines for the treatment of cancer pain based on a three-step ladder and practical recommendations. These guidelines serve as an ...

Acute and chronic postoperative pain and functional disability persisted among patients who underwent posterior spinal fusion despite multimodal analgesic management.

thus useful in choosing the best therapy according to the type of pain and not only its severity. As a result, some experts suggest the "analgesic elevator" model. [17] In contrast to the ladder ...