Around 1929, Karl Lohmann, Yellapragada Subbarao, and Cirus Friske independently discovered an essential molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in animal tissues. ATP is a versatile molecule ...

Large scale manufacturing of proteins for use in food, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, biologics, textiles, and personal care products currently relies on costly fermentation processes ... for cow whey ...

In it, their engineered microbes are densely packed into bioreactors that promote fermentation. Deprived of oxygen, the microbes stop growing. However, the microbes’ major metabolic pathways ...